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Anantam IAS Political Science & IR Optional Notes by Rahul Puri

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Subject : Political Science & International Relations
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Anantam IAS Political Science & IR Optional Notes by Rahul Puri

Total Page 422

Contents
1 Political Theory: Meaning, Approaches, Decline and Revival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1 What political theory is, and what it is not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Approaches: the traditional family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 The behavioural revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 The decline of political theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 Post-behaviouralism and the credo of relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6 Critical and contemporary approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Theories of the State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1 Defining the state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 The liberal state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 The neoliberal state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 The Marxist state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5 The pluralist state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6 The post-colonial state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7 The feminist state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8 Gandhi against the state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 Justice: Rawls, Nozick and the Communitarian Critique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1 What the question is actually asking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2 Rawls: justice as fairness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Nozick: the entitlement rejoinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 The communitarian critique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5 Critiques from inside egalitarianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6 Sen: from institutions to realisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7 Reading the Indian record through these theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4 Equality and Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1 Liberty: the two concepts and their critics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2 Equality: how much, and of what . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 The relation between liberty and equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4 Affirmative action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5 The multicultural perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5 Rights: Theories, Generations and Debates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1 What a right is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2 Theories of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3 Kinds of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4 Human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5 Rights in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6 Democracy: Classical, Contemporary and Deliberative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1 Classical roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2 The elite critique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3 Participatory democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4 Deliberative democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5 Majoritarian and consensus democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6 Democracy in India, and the standing critiques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7 Power, Authority and Legitimacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1 Power: the three dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2 Hegemony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3 Foucault: power without a centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4 Macpherson on power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5 Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6 Legitimacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8 Political Ideologies I: Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1 Ideology: the concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2 Liberalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3 Socialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4 Marxism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5 Popper against historicism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
9 Political Ideologies II: Fascism, Gandhism, Feminism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
1 Fascism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2 Gandhism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3 Feminism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
10 Plato and Aristotle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
1 Plato’s method: knowledge before politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2 Aristotle: politics as a practical science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3 Aristotle’s critique of Plato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
11 Machiavelli and Hobbes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
1 Machiavelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2 Hobbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
12 Locke and John Stuart Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
1 Locke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2 John Stuart Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
13 Marx and Gramsci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
1 Marx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2 Gramsci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
14 Hannah Arendt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
1 The vita activa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2 The rise of the social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3 Power, violence and authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4 Totalitarianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
15 Classical Traditions: Dharmashastra, Arthashastra and Buddhist Thought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
1 The Dharmashastra tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2 Kautilya’s Arthashastra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3 The Buddhist tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
16 The Nineteenth-Century Response: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Sri Aurobindo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
1 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2 Sri Aurobindo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
17 Gandhi and Ambedkar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
1 Gandhi as Indian political thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
2 Ambedkar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
18 M. N. Roy, Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
1 M. N. Roy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
2 Rammanohar Lohia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3 Jayaprakash Narayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
19 Indian Nationalism: Strategies of the Freedom Struggle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
1 From constitutionalism to swadeshi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
2 Gandhi and the mass phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3 Revolutionary and militant movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4 Peasant and workers’ movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
20 Perspectives on the Indian National Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
1 The liberal or nationalist perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
2 The socialist perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3 The Marxist perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4 The radical humanist perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5 The Dalit perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6 Subaltern Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
21 Making of the Indian Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
1 The colonial legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
2 The Constituent Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3 Perspectives on the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
22 Salient Features I: Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
1 The Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
2 Fundamental Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3 Directive Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4 The Part III–Part IV conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5 Fundamental Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
23 Salient Features II: Parliamentary System, Secularism and Basic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
1 The parliamentary system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
2 Secularism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
3 Amendment and the basic structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
24 Principal Organs of the Union: Executive, Legislature, Supreme Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
1 The executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
2 Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
3 The Supreme Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
25 Principal Organs of the State Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
1 The Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
2 The state legislature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
3 High Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
26 Grassroots Democracy: Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
1 The road to constitutional status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
2 The 73rd Amendment: Part IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
3 The 74th Amendment: Part IXA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4 Grassroots movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
27 Statutory Institutions and Commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
1 The financial and service bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
2 The equality commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
vii
3 The rights commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
28 Federalism: Centre–State Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
1 The constitutional design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
2 The changing nature of centre–state relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
3 Integrationist tendencies and regional aspirations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
29 Planning and Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
1 The two perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
2 Agrarian change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
3 Liberalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
4 From Planning Commission to NITI Aayog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
30 Caste, Religion and Ethnicity in Indian Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
1 Caste in politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
2 Religion in politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
3 Ethnicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
31 Party System, Coalition Politics and Pressure Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
1 The three party systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
2 Party classification and organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3 Coalition politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
4 Pressure groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5 Electoral behaviour and the profile of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
32 Social Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
1 Framing the field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
2 Civil liberties and human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
3 The women’s movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
4 Environmental movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5 Other movements worth naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
33 Regionalism, Communalism and State Politics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
1 Regionalism and its accommodation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
2 Punjab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
3 Jammu and Kashmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
4 The North-East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5 Uttar Pradesh, and state politics generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
34 Electoral Politics and Electoral Reform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
1 The Election Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
2 Delimitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
3 Money in elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
4 Criminalisation, and other reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
35 Comparative Politics: Nature, Scope and Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
1 Nature and evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
2 The major approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
3 Limitations of the comparative method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
36 The State in Comparative Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
1 The state in capitalist economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
2 The state in socialist economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
3 The state in developing societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
4 Globalisation and convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
37 Politics of Representation and Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
1 Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
2 Political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
3 Pressure groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
4 Social movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
38 Globalisation: Responses from Developed and Developing Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
1 Concept and positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
2 Responses in developed societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
3 Responses in developing societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
4 Cultural and political responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
5 Deglobalisation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
39 Approaches to the Study of International Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
1 Idealism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
2 Realism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
3 Marxist approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
4 Functionalism and systems theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
5 Constructivism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
40 Key Concepts in International Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
1 National interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
2 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
3 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
4 Balance of power and deterrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
5 Transnational actors and collective security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
41 The Changing International Political Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
1 The Cold War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
2 Non-alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
3 The Soviet collapse and the unipolar moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
4 The present order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
42 Evolution of the International Economic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
1 Bretton Woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
2 From GATT to WTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
3 CMEA and the socialist economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
4 The New International Economic Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
43 The United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
1 Structure and powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
2 The record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
3 Specialised agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
4 Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
44 Regionalisation of World Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
1 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
2 The European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
3 ASEAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
4 APEC and NAFTA/USMCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
5 Other groupings and the Indian interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
45 Contemporary Global Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
1 Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
2 Human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
3 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
4 Gender justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
5 Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
6 Nuclear proliferation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
46 Indian Foreign Policy: Determinants, Institutions and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
1 Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
2 Institutions of policy-making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
3 Continuity and change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
4 The 21st-century features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
47 India and Non-Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
1 Concept and rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3362 Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
3 Achievements and limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
4 Relevance today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
48 India and the Global Centres of Power I: The United States and Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
1 The United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
2 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
49 India and the Global Centres of Power II: China, Japan and the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
1 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
2 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
3 The European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
50 India and the UN System; the Nuclear Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
1 India in the UN system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
2 The nuclear question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
51 India in the Global Economy: From Dirigisme to the WTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
1 From dirigisme to liberalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
2 India and the WTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
3 The current phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
52 India and the Global South: Africa, Latin America and West Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
1 The Global South platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
2 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
3 Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
4 West Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
53 Recent Developments in Indian Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
1 From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
2 The Quad and minilateralism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
3 Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
4 Positions on recent crises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
5 The vision of world order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
54 South Asia as a Region: Comparative Politics and Democratisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
1 The region and its asymmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
2 Comparative politics of South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
3 Democratisation and modernisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
55 India and Its Neighbours I: Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
1 Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
2 Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
3 Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
56 India and Its Neighbours II: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Maldives, Bhutan and Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . 388
1 Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
2 Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
3 Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
4 Bhutan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
5 Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
6 Regional security: India’s role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
57 Regional Cooperation: SAARC, BIMSTEC and the Impediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
1 SAARC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
2 BIMSTEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
3 The impediments to regional cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
4 Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
58 The Changing Balance of Power and Emerging Global Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
1 The changing balance of power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
2 Emerging issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
3 India in the emerging order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

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